Objective To verify whether grip strength and muscle mass are both associated with all-cause mortality in the patients receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods A retrospective analysis was made of all followed-up patients at the PD Center of Beijing Luhe Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from February to July 2019. Their clinical data were collected, hand grip strength were measured, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) was measured using the body composition analyzer. All the patients were followed up until May 2022. With death as the endpoint, the patients were divided into the survival group and death group. Multivariate Cox regression was used to screen the risk factors for all-cause mortality and evaluate the association of grip strength and ASMI with all-cause mortality in PD patients. SPSS 26.0 was used for data analysis. Comparison between two groups was performed using t-test, Mann-Whitney U test or χ²test, depending on data type. Results A total of 76 PD patients were enrolled, with an average age of (57.43±13.01) years and an average follow-up period of (941.49±312.32) d. Among them, 27 (35.52%) died. The results of univariate analysis for all-cause mortality using Kaplan-Meier test showed that the patients in death group were older, had a higher incidence of diabetes mellitus, a higher proportion of those with decreased grip strength, and lower levels of serum creatinine and serum albumin than those in the survival group (P<0.05). Uultivariate Cox regression analysis with age, years of dialysis, diabetes mellitus, ASMI, grip strength, serum creatinine, albumin and C-reactive protein showed that lower hand grip strength (HR=3.182, 95%CI 1.114-9.089; P=0.031), diabetes mellitus (HR=4.053, 95%CI 1.320-12.446; P=0.014) and age (HR=4.191, 95%CI 1.281-13.711; P=0.018) were independent predictors of all-cause mortality in PD patients and that ASMI had no statistical difference. Conclusion Grip strength instead of muscle mass is associated with all-cause mortality of PD patients.