Osteoporosis and sarcopenia, two chronic diseases with shared risk factors and pathophysiological pathways, are both common to the elderly and postmenopausal women and are often comorbid, seriously affecting the quality of life of the elderly. Therefore, it is very important to explore their relationship and to jointly evaluate the two diseases. This article reviews the relationship between the skeleton and muscles and between osteoporosis and sarcopenia to provide clinical orientation for the diagnosis and treatment of skeletomuscular diseases.