The incidence of diabetes is getting higher and higher, and it has become a global problem. With the introduction of the concept of strengthening glucose control and the wide application of insulin, the incidence of diabetes-related hypoglycemia has increased gradually. Sustained hypoglycemia will lead to various acute cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, recent studies have found that after insulin induced hypoglycemia, increased blood sugar by exogenous glucose will lead to more serious cardiovascular and cerebrovascular damage than the hypoglycemia state, especially to the brain. Similar to ischemia-reperfusion injury, the concept of “glucose reperfusion injury” is proposed. However, the mechanism of cerebral injury caused by glucose reperfusion remains unclear, and it may be related to oxidative stress, autophagy, calcium ion overload, activation of calpain, and polyadenylic acid diphosphate ribose transferase-1, etc.