Vitamin D is a steroid derivative, whose classical biological effect is to regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Studies up to date have found that it can protect the integrity of vascular endothelium, prevent atherosclerosis, and inhibit oxidative stress, inflammation and activity of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Vitamin D is negatively correlated with ischemic stroke, but its relationship with cerebral small vessel diseases remains unclear. This article reviewed the status of the research on the relationship of vitamin D and cerebrovascular diseases in view of providing basis for the prevention and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases.