Objective To investigate the clinical significances of blood glucose, blood lipids, uric acid (UA) and inflammatory factors between the patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD). Methods Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to survey the elderly in-patients and out-patients in the Luwan Branch of Ruijin Hospital from January 2013 to February 2015. Finally, 27 AD patients, 32 VD patients and 30 sex- and age-matched normal individuals were enrolled in this study. Their body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), UA, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured. Results The SBP, FPG and HbA1c were markedly higher in the AD and VD patients than in the normal controls (P＜0.05). The UA level was lower in AD and VD patients than in controls, but there was no significant difference. The AD and VD patients had significantly higher TC, TG and LDL-C levels (P＜0.05) and obviously lower HDL-C level (P＜0.01) than the normal individuals, but there was no significant difference between the AD and VD patients (P＞0.05). Compared with normal controls, both AD and VD patients had markedly higher CRP and IL-6 levels (P＜0.05), and more obvious in the latter group (P＜0.05). Conclusion The elderly patients with AD and VD have abnormal metabolism of glucose and lipids and inflammatory reaction. Regulation of blood lipids and glucose may be one of the effective measures in the prevention and treatment of SD.