Objective To explore the changes in quality of life (QOL) after radical prostatectomy in patients with prostate cancer and influencing factors in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Methods Clinical data of 240 patients with prostate cancer who underwent radical surgery in the People′s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from January 2021 to December 2022 were collected and retrospectively analyzed. According to their score of QOL, they were divided into good QOL group (n=85) and poor QOL group (n=155). SPSS statistics 20.0 was used to perform the statistical analysis. Student′s t test or Chi-square test was employed for intergroup comparison depending on data type. Logistic regression analysis was applied to analyze the factors influencing the QOL in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy due to prostate cancer. Results The functional assessment of cancer therapy-prostate (FACT-P) score was increased in the prostate cancer patients after surgical treatment (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that age >60 years (OR=3.920,95%CI 1.216-12.631; P=0.023), education duration ≤5 years (OR=3.967,95%CI 1.156-13.610; P=0.029), abnormal creatinine level (OR=4.948,95%CI 1.204-20.331; P=0.027), smoking (OR=5.233,95%CI 1.281-21.376; P=0.022), alcohol drinking (OR=5.463,95%CI 1.774-16.828; P=0.003), diabetes mellitus (OR=5.669,95%CI 1.157-27.787; P=0.033), hypertension (OR=4.874,95%CI 1.426-16.658; P=0.012), depression (OR=4.968,95%CI 1.710-14.429; P=0.003), testosterone ≤10 nmol/L (OR=5.964,95%CI 1.350-15.458; P=0.015), tumor metastasis (OR=3.939,95%CI 1.416-10.959; P=0.009), and per capita family income≤2 000 Yuan (OR=3.626,95%CI 1.200-10.951; P=0.023) were influencing factors for QOL in patients with prostate cancer. Conclusion Age >60 years, education duration ≤5 years, abnormal creatinine level, smoking, alcohol drinking, diabetes mellitus , hypertension, depression, testosterone ≤10 nmol/L, tumor metastasis, and per capita family income ≤2 000 Yuan are influencing factors for poor QOL in prostate cancer patients after radical prostatectomy in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Therefore, clinical interventions targeting these factors should be implemented to promote postoperative recovery.