Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is basically characterized by chronic intermittent hypoxia and leads to cardiovascular disease (CVD) through a variety of pathogeneses. OSAS with comorbid CVD has become a major disease threatening human health, arousing widespread concern in society. Previous studies mainly focused on the pathophysiological mechanisms of the two with few on serological predictors. Blood lipid is a sensitive index requiring simple and easy measurement; fat factor may serve as a new therapeutic target; protein indicators play an important role in glucose regulation and lipid metabolism, early diagnosis of hypertension and myocardial ischemia. Focusing on the above three aspects, this article aims to provide new insights into clinical diagnosis and treatment.