Objective To explore the current situation and influencing factors of self-neglect in the elderly inpatients and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and intervention. Methods A total of 320 elderly inpatients were selected from 3 hospitals in Linyi City by convenient sampling during June and September 2019, and were investigated for their statuses of self-neglect with self-neglect scale. The influencing factors were analyzed. SPSS statistics 25.0 was used to analyze the data, and logistic regression was employed to analyze the related factors of self-neglect. Results Cronbach′s α coefficient was 0.886 when the self-neglect scale was applied to our selected inpatients, and the cumulative contribution rate of extracting 5 common factors was 75%. The total score of self-neglect in elderly inpatients was 11.00(5.00,15.00). Among the five aspects, health self-neglect had the highest score[3.00(0.00,4.00)], followed by emotion self-neglect [2.00 (1.00,4.00)], medical service self-neglect [2.00 (0.75,4.00)], safety self-neglect [1.50(0.00,4.00)], and social interaction self-neglect [1.00(0.00,3.00)], respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that, age, gender, economic pressure, education level, and living alone were the risk factors of self-neglect of elderly inpatients.Conclusion The self-neglect scale for the elderly is reliable and valid in elderly inpatients. The level of self-neglect is quite high in these patients. Relevant medical departments should take measures to strengthen prevention and intervention, reduce the level of self-neglect and promote the physical and mental health in the elderly inpatients.