Bone fracture is a complete or partial break of the bone structure. Concomitant type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) weakens the bone strength and increases the risk of fractures. Moreover, improper treatment is not conducive to the healing process of the fracture, resulting in the delayed healing, bone nonunion, infectious osteomyelitis and other complications. Hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia caused by diabetes mellitus (DM) may increase the expression of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and inflammatory factors, altering the collagen functions, microvascular structures, bone absorption, reconstruction and biomechanical environment in the healing process of the fractured bone. These changes are not conducive to the healing of the fracture. At present, the molecular mechanism of the effects of T1DM on the healing fractures remains little known. This review is intended to investigate such effects, and thought to be beneficial for treating patients with diabetes mellitus combined with bone fracture.