Recent years have witnessed an obvious rise in the incidence of cholelithiasis in China, placing an enormous burden on both the patients and society. Cholelithiasis, associated with a wide variety of factors, remains tremendously diverse in its prevalence and affecting factors in different regions and among different populations. Accordingly, this paper, with an epidemiologic perspective, elaborates the risk factors for gallstone disease in China, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for its prevention and control.