In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the relationship between vitamin D and cerebrovascular disease, however, few researches concern cerebral small vessel disease. Leukoaraiosis (LA), a cerebral small vessel disease, is regarded as an early marker of brain damage. Though its pathogenesis remains unclear, evidence shows that it is mainly associated with endothelial function. Vitamin D may take part in vascular response to inflammation and other means through affecting the function of vascular endothelium and blood brain barrier, and thus influence the LA patients. In this article we reviewed the progress on vitamin D and LA in order to provide reference for future studies to clinicians.