Objective To determine the effect of long-term treatment of glucocorticoid on neuromuscular block of rocuronium bromide in the elderly patients undergoing operation. Methods Sixty elderly patients who were scheduled for elective cholecystectomy under general anesthesia in our hospital from January 2013 to December 2015 were enrolled in this study. According to taking glucocorticoid treatment (budesonide) for over 3 months or not, the patients were divided into glucocorticoid group (n=30) and non-glucocorticoid group (n=30). During the operation, 0.6 mg/kg rocuronium bromide was infused intravenously, and accelerography (TOF-WATCH SX) was used to measure muscle relaxation. The onset time, degree of maximum neuromuscular block, clinical action duration and recovery indices were recorded and compared between the groups. Results Compared with the non-glucocorticoid group, the onset time was significantly longer, while the degree of maximum neuromuscular block, clinical action duration and recovery indices were obviously reduced in the glucocorticoid group (P<005). Conclusion Long-term administration of glucocorticoid reduces neuromuscular block of rocuronium bromide in the elderly patients undergoing operation.