Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), one of the most common chronic complications of diabetes, can lead to foot ulceration, gangrene, and even limb amputation, and impose great impact on patients’ quality of life. Its pathogenetic mechanism is very complicated. In recent years, certain advances have been taken in identifying biomarkers at different stages in the pathogenesis of DPN. This review summarized the potential blood biomarkers of DPN from the aspects of nerve injury, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress as well as inflammation based on the pathology and pathogenesis of DPN.