Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is the most common cause of death for critically ill patients. Recently, remarkable progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of MODS, and early diagnosis and standard and high-quality life support therapy greatly improve the prognosis of patients with MODS. Nevertheless, patients’ condition is complex and variable clinically, and physicians are often required to make correct clinical decisions within a very short period of time. In fact, it is very important to establish a scientific and rational thinking for MODS, which could efficiently guide the appropriate diagnosis and treatment for the patients. Clinical physicians should strive to learn the dialectical thinking hardly and use it fully and flexibly in order to provide a rational thought for scientific clinical decision for the diagnosis and treatment of MODS.