Abstract:Objective To investigate the risk status of falls in the elderly and analyze its influencing factors so as to provide reference for the formulation of fall prevention measures in older adults. Methods From May 2021 to April 2022, a total of 572 older adults who received fall assessment in the multidisciplinary fall clinic of a tertiary Class-A hospital in Beijing were subjected with convenience sampling. General information, disease status and fall risk score, and results of physical function test were collected through face-to-face survey. According to the risk assessment, the participants were divided into the risk group and the risk-free group. The differences of various indicators were compared between the 2 groups to determine the independent influencing factors of fall risk. SPSS statistics 26.0 was used for statistical analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the independent influencing factors of fall risk.Results Among the 572 participants, 278 were at risk of falling, accounting for 48.60%. Logistic regression analysis showed that junior college or above educational level (OR=2.059,95%CI 1.285-3.298), comorbidities (OR=1.978,95%CI 1.321-2.962), polypharmacy (OR=2.211,95%CI 1.348-3.625), and dizziness/malaise/fatigue after waking up (OR=2.948,95%CI 1.906-4.560) were independent risk factors of fall risk, while male (OR=0.520,95%CI 0.343-0.788), qualified results of 4-stage balance test (OR=0.487,95%CI 0.275-0.862) and qualified outcomes of timed up and go test (OR=0.455,95%CI 0.256-0.807) were protective factors of fall risk in the elderly (P<0.05). Conclusion Older adults are at high risk of falling, and older women are at higher risk. Junior college or above educational level, comorbidity, polypharmacy, being in poor spirits after waking up are independent risk factors of fall risk. More attention should be paid to these older adults. The improvement of dynamic and static balance abilities are beneficial to reduce the risk of falls in the elderly, so targeted training should be carried out.

Abstract:Objective To explore the correlation of blood lipid profile with the diagnostic indicators of sarcopenia and its occurrence. Methods A total of 1 534 elderly people in a community in Suzhou were recruited using convenience sampling method, and their general information, blood lipid levels, and body composition were collected. Handgrip strength and six-meter usual gait speed were measured. According to the Asian Sarcopenia Working Group 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis, they were divided into sarcopenia group and non-sarcopenia group. The two groups were compared in blood lipid profile to explore its correlation with sarcopenia. SPSS statistics 23.0 was used for statistical analysis. Data comparison between two groups was perfomed using t test, Mann-Whitney U test or χ² test depending on data type. Crrelation and regression analysis were also performed. Results The very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [(0.49±0.18) vs (0.53±0.29) mmol/L], triglyceride (TG) [(1.57±0.92) vs (1.76±1.22) mmol/L], and triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C) [(1.26±1.10) vs (1.52±1.39)] were significantly lower in the sarcopenic population than the non-sarcopenic population (P＜0.05). The HDL-C [(1.45±0.37) vs (1.31±0.32) mmol/L; P＜0.01] and total cholesterol (TC) [(5.17±1.03) vs (4.97±0.96) mmol/L；P＜0.05] were significantly higher in the sarcopenic population than the non-sarcopenic population. Compared with non-sarcopenic population, the incidence of high TG [29.10% (55/189) vs 36.28% (488/1 345); P＜0.05] in sarcopenic population was lower, and that of high TC [48.15% (91/189) vs 36.88% (496/1 345); P<0.01] was significantly higher. At the same time, the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index was negatively correlated with the level of HDL-C and TC (r=-0.289, -0.202; P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that advanced age (OR=1.121,95%CI 1.091-1.152) and high HDL-C level (OR=2.133,95%CI 1.206-3.773) were risk factors for sarcopenia (P＜0.01), and that male gender(OR=0.539,95%CI 0.372-0.781) and comorbidity with other chronic diseases (OR=0.599, 95%CI 0.413-0.868) were protective factors for sarcopenia (P＜0.01). Conclusion Elevated HDL-C is associated with decreased skeletal muscle mass and is a risk factor for sarcopenia. In physical examination in a community, more attention should be paid to the elderly people with high HDL-C levels in changes of muscle mass and function, and they should be screened for pre-sarcopenia and sarcopenia if necessary.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the residual cardiovascular disease risk after smoking cessation in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods The study was based on a large registry study Optimal Anti-platelet Therapy for Chinese patients with Coronary Artery Disease (OPT-CAD). ACS patients undergoing PCI in the OPT-CAD study from January 2012 to February 2014 were enrolled in the current study and were divided into three groups according to their smoking status (never, current smoking and smoking cessation for more than 1 year):non-smoker, smoker, and former smoker. The three groups were compared in the clinical data and characterizes of the interventional surgery, and the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in the five-year clinical follow-up visit. All data analysis was based on R language version 4.1.2, and 3 groups of propensity score matching were performed by the Trimatch package. Data comparison between two groups was perfomed using t test, Wilcoxon test or χ²test depending on data type. Cumulative event occurrence curves were drawn using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared between two groups by the log-rank test. Results The baseline characteristics of the three groups were essentially identical after propensity score matching. There was no significant difference in the incidence of 1- and 5-year MACCE between the three groups before the propensity score matching. After the propensity score matching, there was no significant difference in the incidence of 1-year MACCE among the three groups, but incidence of 1-year target vessel revascularization differed significantly among the smoker group, the former smoker group and the non-smoker group [28(3.7%) vs 24(3.2%) vs 12(1.6%),P<0.05], and the rate in the smoker group and former smoker group were higher than the non-smoker group. There were significant differences among the non-smoker group, the smoker group and the former smoker group in the incidence of 5-year MACCE, all-cause mortality, and target vessel revascularization [94(12.6%)vs 137(18.3%) vs 105(14.0%),48(6.4%) vs 85(11.4%) vs 59(7.9%),31(4.1%) vs 58(7.7%) vs 40(5.3%)；all P < 0.01]. The incidence of 5-year MACCE, all-cause mortality and target vessel revascularization in the smoker group were higher than those in the non-smoker group (all P< 0.05). The incidence of 5-year MACCE and 5-year target vascular revascularization in the three groups with different smoking status tended to differ over time (log-rank P<0.01). The risk of 5-year MACCE in the smoker group (HR=1.51,95%CI 1.16-1.96; P<0.05) and the former smoker group (HR=1.14,95%CI 0.87-1.50; P>0.05) were higher than that in the non-smoker group. The risk of 5-year target vascular revascularization in the smoker group (HR=1.96,95%CI 1.26-3.02; P<0.05) and the former smoker group (HR=1.33,95%CI 0.83-2.12; P>0.05) were higher than that in the non-smoker group. Conclusion Smoking is significantly associated with the risk of recurrence in cardiovascular disease. Smoking cessation reduces the incidence of MACCE events, but residual cardiovascular risk remains.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the characteristics of cardiac structure and function in elderly heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) complicated with anemia. Methods A total of 2281 elderly HFpEF patients ≥60 years old hospitalized in the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from February 2008 to December 2019 were enrolled and divided into anemia group (n=949) and control group (n=1332) according to whether they were accompanied by anemia. The clinical characteristics, cardiac ultrasonic structure and function were analyzed and compared between the 2 groups. The data were analyzed with EmpowerStats statistical software (version 3.0) and R software. According to the data type, independent sample t-test, Kruskal Wallis H test or Chi-square test was used for comparison between groups. Multivariate linear regression model was employed to analyze the influencing factors of hemoglobin (HGB) and the correlation of HGB with cardiac ultrasound indexes. Results The prevalence of anemia was 41.6% (949/2 281) in the elderly HFpEF inpatients. The patients of the anemia group had significantly higher ratio of males [54.69% (519/949) vs 47.75% (636/1332)], older age [(74.79±7.99) vs (73.40±7.72 years], higher systolic blood pressure [(140.06±23.80) vs (136.77±23.05) mmHg (1mmHg=0.133kPa)], increased hospital all-cause mortality [3.58% (34/949) vs 1.50% (20/1 332)], and higher levels of fasting blood glucose [(7.68±3.35) vs (7.02±3.38) mmol/L], N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP, 3118.01 (1137.21,8 976.32) vs 1 333.34 (596.32,2 777.11) ng/L] and troponin T [0.04 (0.02,0.08) vs 0.02 (0.01,0.04) μg/L], but lower body mass index [(24.34±4.10) vs (24.87±4.05) kg/m²], HGB level [(9.37±1.65] vs [13.32±1.45) g/dl] and estimated glomerular filtration rate [38.85 (13.98,73.98) vs 76.26 (57.79,95.87) ml/(min · 1.73m²)]when compared with the patients in the control group (all P<0.05). There were statistical differences between the 2 groups in heart function classification and chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage (both P<0.05). Cardiac ultrasound results showed that compared with the control group, the left heart in the anemia group expanded more significantly, with larger left atrial anteroposterior diameter [(41.43±8.13) vs (40.64±7.62 mm], left atrial volume index [29.82(22.55,38.80) vs 28.38(20.55,38.96) ml/m²], left ventricular end systolic diameter [(32.63±4.48) vs (31.64±4.89) mm], left ventricular end diastolic diameter [(46.87±5.78) vs (45.75±6.47) mm], left ventricular end systolic volume [(44.98±23.97) vs (41.15±15.75) ml] and left ventricular end diastolic volume [(103.69±30.07) vs (97.36±31.03) ml]; more significant left ventricular hypertrophy was observed, with increased left ventricular mass index [(120.24±39.99) vs (110.14±36.91) g/m²]and left ventricular posterior wall thickness [(10.68±1.47) vs (10.47±1.52) mm]; the right heart load was aggravated, with widened diameter of the right ventricle [(36.74±7.12) vs (35.90±7.42) mm], diameter of the main pulmonary artery [(22.93±3.40) vs (22.51±3.63) mm] and diameter of the inferior vena cava [(16.89±4.18) vs (16.15±3.93) mm] (all P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that C-reactive protein, NT-proBNP and CKD ≥4 were independent risk factors for lower HGB. Low HGB was an independent risk factor for left ventricular end systolic volume, left ventricular end diastolic volume, left ventricular end systolic diameter, left ventricular end diastolic diameter, left ventricular mass index and left atrial volume index. Conclusion Elderly HFpEF inpatients have a high prevalence of anemia, and cardiac structural remodeling and diastolic dysfunction were more evident in anemic patients. Inflammation and poor cardiac and renal function are independent risk factors for anemia, while anemia is closely related to cardiac structure and functional remodeling.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the therapeutic effectiveness of levosimendan on acute exacerbation of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in the elderly. Methods A retrospective analysis was carried out in 52 elderly patients with acute exacerbation of HFpEF admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University from January 2016 to December 2019. The patients were divided into the levosimendan treatment group (26 cases) and the control group (26 cases) according to whether they received levosimendan therapy. The improvement of New York Heart Association (NYHA) cardiac function classification (effective rate) 1 week after treatment, the rehospitalization rates within 3 and 12 months, and the changes of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) before and after treatment were compared between the 2 groups. SPSS statistics 19.0 was used for data analysis. According to the distribution type, student′s t test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, Chi-square test or Fisher exact probability test was performed for intergroup comparison. Results Compared with the control group, the levosimendan group had significantly higher effective rate after 1 week treatment (P<0.05) and lower readmission rate within 3 months (P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in the readmission rate within 12 months between the 2 groups (P>0.05). After treatment, the NT-proBNP levels were significantly decreased in both groups (P<0.05), but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). After treatment, the proportion of patients whose NT-proBNP level was decreased by more than 30% in the two groups were compared, but no statistical difference was observed between the 2 groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Application of levosimendan in the treatment of acute exacerbation of HFpEF in the elderly can significantly alleviate the symptoms of heart failure, improve the heart function and reduce short-term readmission risk, with high safety, but has no obvious effect on long-term readmission risk.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the assessment value of serum soluble growth stimulation expressed gene 2 (sST2), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP) and ceramide test (CERT) score combined with Fried frailty scale in evaluating the prognosis of chronic heart failure (CHF) in elderly patients. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on the 304 elderly CHF patients who were hospitalized in the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from July 2020 to July 2021. According to whether major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) occurred during the follow-up period of 1 year, they were divided into MACE group(76 cases) and non-MACE group(288 cases). The serum sST2, NT-proBNP, CERT score and frailty status were compared between the two groups. SPSS statistics 25.0 was used for data analysis. Based on the data type, student′s t test, rank sum test or Chi-square test was employed for intergroup comparison. Spearman correlation was applied to analyze the correlation of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) with sST2, NT-proBNP, CERT score and other indicators. The influencing factors of MACE were analyzed by logistic regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to analyze the prognostic value of serum sST2, NT proBNP, CERT scores and frailty status in elderly CHF patients. Results Serum sST2, NT-proBNP and CERT score were negatively correlated with LVEF (r=-0.241, -0.193, -0.183; P<0.05). The MACE group had higher sST2, NT-proBNP and CERT score, larger proportion of frail patients, and lower LVEF when compared with the non-MACE group (P<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of poor prognosis of CHF patients predicted by serum sST2, NT-proBNP, CERT scores and frailty were 0.695,0.713,0.636 and 0.658, respectively, and the AUC of combined prediction was 0.800. Conclusion Serum sST2, NT-proBNP, CERT score and frailty are important factors affecting the occurrence of MACE in elderly patients with CHF. They have high prognostic value, and even higher prognostic value when combined together.

Abstract:Objective To explore whether the decrease of free triiodothyronine (FT3) has early predictive value in infection-induced multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in the elderly (i-MODSE). Methods The clinical data of 755 elderly infected patients (≥65 years old) who were discharged from the Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University from January 2017 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the occurrence of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) during hospitalization, the patients were divided into MODS group (n=80) and control group (n=675). The effects of demographic characteristics and laboratory tests, including FT3, on i-MODSE were analyzed. The data were analyzed by SPSS statistics 26.0. Data comparison between two groups was performed using student′s t test, Mann-Whitney U test or Chi-square test depending on different data types. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of i-MODSE. Results Among the 755 patients, the incidence of MODS was 10.60% (80/755). FT3 level was significantly lower in the MODS group than the control group [(2.67±0.87) vs (3.40±0.79) pmol/L; P<0.001]. Logistic regression analysis showed that FT3 decline was an independent risk factor for the occurrence of MODS in elderly infected patients (OR=4.748,95%CI 2.387-9.443; P<0.001). Conclusion FT3 decline is an independent risk factor for the occurrence of MODS in elderly patients with infection, and can be used to predict i-MODSE in the early stage.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the risk factors and prognostic impact of postoperative delirium (POD) in elderly patients after hepatectomy. Methods A retrospective observational study was conductd on 314 elderly patients who underwent hepatectomy under general anesthesia in Xuzhou Central Hospital from January 2018 to January 2022. According to whether the patients had POD or not, the patients were divided into POD group (n=66) and non-POD group (n=248). SPSS software Version 26 and R software Version 4.1.2 were used for data analysis and graphing. Depending on data types, student′s t test, Rank sum test, Chi-square test, Fisher′s exact test or Wilcoxon rank sum test was employed for intergroup comparison. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were applied to analyze the independent risk factors of POD in elderly patients after hepatectomy. Results Among the 314 enrolled elderly patients, 66 (21.0%) developed POD. Advanced age (OR=1.167,95%CI 1.058-1.287; P<0.001), body mass index<18.5 kg/m²(OR=2.115,95%CI 1.124-3.980; P=0.018), lower preoperative mini-mental state examination score (OR=1.096,95%CI 1.047-1.148; P=0.021), higher preoperative Charlson comorbidity index (OR=1.458,95%CI 1.132-1.878; P=0.007), longer operation time (OR=1.043,95%CI 1.025-1.061; P=0.010), intensive care unit admission after operation (OR=2.481,95%CI 1.554-3.961; P<0.001), higher postoperative 24 h visual analogue scale score (OR=1.038,95%CI 1.017-1.059; P=0.014) were independent risk factors for POD in elderly patients after hepatectomy. After calculation, multivariate logistic regression model has good discriminative ability for postoperative POD (area under curve=0.865,95%CI 0.795-0.936) and has a high degree of fit (Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test, χ²=5.199, P=0.804). Conclusion Surgeons and anesthesiologists can identify elderly patients with high risk of POD through preoperative assessment as early as possible. Improvement of preoperative status and optimization of perioperative management can reduce the incidence of POD in elderly patients after hepatectomy.

Abstract:Objective To explore the heterogeneity of clinical symptoms between genders in patients with post-stroke depression (PSD). Methods A total of 501 patients with acute ischemic stroke in Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology from December 2020 to February 2022 were selected as the subjects. Their general clinical data were collected, and they were evaluated with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and the activities of Daily Living (ADL) scale within 24 hours after admission. One week after admission, the depressive mood of patients was evaluated using the 24-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-24). SPSS 26.0 was used for statistical analysis. Depending on data type, comparison between groups was performed using t test, non-parametric test or χ² test. Results Among 501 patients with stroke, 173 (96 men and 77 women) had PSD. PSD men scored significantly higher than women [(5.44±4.25) vs (3.97±5.63) points; P<0.01] on NIHSS and significantly lower [(68.07±20.10) vs (79.35±21.69) points; P<0.01] on ADL scale. With the single symptom of HAMD-24, PSD men scored significantly lower than PSD women in depression [1.00(0.00,2.00) vs 1.00(1.00,2.00) points；P<0.05], but significantly higher in work and interest [0.00(0.00,1.00) vs 0.00(0.00,0.00) points], tardiness [0.00(0.00,1.00) vs 0.00(0.00,0.00) points], agitation [0.50(0.00,2.00) vs 0.00(0.00,1.00) points], systemic symptoms [2.00(1.00,3.00) vs 1.00(0.00,2.00) points], weight loss [1.00(0.00,2.00) vs 0.00(0.00,1.00) points] and self-awareness [0.00(0.00,1.00) vs 0.00(0.00,0.00) points] ( P<0.05 for all). Among HAMD-24 symptoms, the scores for weight loss [1.00(0.00,2.00) vs 0.00(0.00,1.00) points] and for despair [1.00(0.00,2.00) vs 0.00(0.00,2.00) points] were higher in PSD men than in PSD women (P<0.05 for both). Anxiety, somatization, and sleep disorders were the factors with higher symptom severity coefficients in PSD patients of both genders. Conclusion The clinical symptoms of PSD patients are heterogeneous between genders. Attention should be paid to the gender differences in symptoms among stroke patients of in clinical practice.

Abstract:Objective To determine the expression of Rho associated coiled-coil forming protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) in atherosclerotic vessel walls and its correlation with matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and transforming growth factor 1 (TGF-β1). Methods Thirty apolipoprotein E knockout mice were selected as the experimental group and fed with high-fat diet. Another 30 C57BL/6 mice were selected as the control group and fed with ordinary diet. At the 10th, 16th, 22nd, 28th and 34th weeks of feeding, the eyeball blood samples were harvested to measure the blood lipid levels. The abdominal aorta of mice was collected as samples, and then embedded and sectioned, followed by hematoxylin eosin staining to observe the morphology of vascular wall. Immunohistochemical staining was also performed to observe the expression of ROCK1, MMP2 and TGF-β1 in vascular wall. Image Pro Plus 6.0 software was used to measure the thickness of vascular wall, plaque area, and expression levels of ROCK1, MMP2 and TGF-β1 in vascular wall. SPSS statistics 27.0 was used to analyze the experimental indicators. One-way ANOVA was used to compare among groups, and Tukey test was employed for pairwise comparison. Pearson correlation analysis and linear regression analysis were applied to analyze the relationship of ROCK1 expression with thickness of vascular wall, plaque area and MMP2 and TGF-β1. Results The mouse model of atherosclerosis was successfully established. At the 10th, 16th, 22nd, 28th and 34th weeks of feeding, the blood lipid levels were significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group (P<0.05). Since the 16th week of feeding, plaques were observed in all the blood vessels of the experimental group, and its area and vessel wall thickness were increased with the extension of feeding time (P<0.05). And the expression of ROCK1 in vessel wall was gradually elevated, and the level was positively correlated with plaque area and vessel wall thickness (r=0.821,0.730; P<0.05). Linear correlation analysis and regression analysis showed that the expression of ROCK1 with MMP2 and TGF-β1 were positively correlated (r=0.801,0.906; P<0.05). Conclusion ROCK1 is expressed in atherosclerotic vessel wall, and its expression level is elevated with the thickening of vessel wall and positively correlated with MMP2 and TGF-β1. In view of the vasospasm-causing effect of ROCK1 protein, it is suggested that atherosclerotic vessel walls may be prone to spasm, and the specific mechanism needs further study.

Abstract:Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been widely used for early detection and evaluation of therapeutic effects for various skin diseases in recent years. With dramatic advantages over traditional pathological diagnostic methods in detection speed and non-invasiveness, OCT has attracted more and more attention of dermatologists for broader applications. In this article, we compared the difference between OCT and other non-invasive imaging technologies applied in dermatology in vivo, and then reviewed the basic principles and classification of OCT systems and its recent applications progress in dermatology.

Abstract:Cockayne syndrome is a progeria syndrome characterized by skin photosensitivity, growth retardation, visual and auditory loss, degeneration of the nervous system and accelerated aging. In this paper, we introduced the aging manifestations of the syndrome in multi-system organs, reviewed its pathogenic mechanisms of defects in transcription and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair, and discussed possible key roles of base excision repair and mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis. We further elucidated the research progress of targeted therapy for Cockayne syndrome in combination with the researches concerning the pathogenic mechanism of aging.

Abstract:Acute sarcopenia is defined as sarcopenia lasting less than 6 months and is usually a result of acute stresses (acute disease, surgery, trauma, etc.). The condition, a concept proposed only a few years ago, is a newly recognized and defined syndrome and has not yet recieved much attention in the research community. Acute sarcopenia is strongly associated with poor health-related prognoses, increasing intensive care unit admissions, prolonging mechanical ventilation and hospitalization, and increasing the risk of death. Its diagnosis is based on the diagnostic criteria of sarcopenia combined with acute stresses and the time of onset. To date, few studies focus on acute sarcopenia, and its pathogenesis remains unclear, which is probably related to inflammation, being bedridden, malnutrition, and hormonal levels. Potential interventions for acute sarcopenia include exercise, nutritional interventions, and neuromuscular electrical stimulation, but no therapeutic drugs are available.

Abstract:Colorectal cancer is a common malignant tumor of digestive system, and its incidence rate and mortality are increasing year by year. TNM staging system is the most commonly used tumor staging system in the world at present, but its staging standard is only based on the characteristics of tumor cells themselves, which cannot be included in the overall immune situation of patients, and the system has gradually showed insufficient guidance for the prognosis of patients. Therefore, based on the quantitative analysis of immune cells in tumor microenvironment, an immunoscore system was proposed. In recent years, many studies have confirmed that the immunoscore system can more accurately evaluate the clinical prognosis of colorectal cancer patients, and shows better effect than TNM staging. In addition, the immunoscore system also plays an important role in adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy and in evaluation of efficacy of immunotherapy, etc. It can further optimize the TNM staging system and risk stratification, which is conducive to the development of individualized treatment plans for cancer patients. This article reviews the research progress of immunoscore system in the prognosis and efficacy evaluation of colorectal cancer patients.