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Abstract:With population aging, there has been high incidence and large absolute number of senile osteoporosis cases in China. One epidemic research shows that incidence of osteoporosis of 61—70 and 71—80 years old person in Beijing and Shanghai is 53.8%, 73.1% and 54.8%, 67.5%, respectively. Senile osteoporosis has become a public concern in aging population. However, it is frequently neglected. We should pay more attention to this disease and improve its diagnosis and treatment.

Abstract:Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), with high self-renewal capacity and muti-potentiality, are mainly differentiated into osteoblasts and adipocytes in adult bone marrow. With aging, MSCs senescence results in the differentiation shift: osteoblasts decline and adipocytes increase, which may account for the osteoporosis. The transplantation of healthy bone MSCs, which can rebuild osteogenesis ability, will provide a new idea for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

Abstract:Objective This study was to discuss a new model of health education of osteoporosis. By setting up osteoporosis club as a health education platform, we studied the significance of this model in popularizing osteoporosis health knowledge in China. Methods We set up a club of osteoporosis, and adopted the unified management of the membership. A total of 1208 subjects, in which diagnosis of osteoporosis was established from January to May 2010, were enrolled, including 435 males, with an average age of (60.72±5.85) years, and 773 females, with an average age of (61.06±6.27) years. During the observation duration of 1 year, multiple activities of health education were carried out, including health education lecture once a month, outdoor sports such as climbing mountains and sunshine exposure. Comprehensive management considering dietary, sports and medication was also performed. All subjects filled in questionnaire to build a database, including osteoporosis cognitive level, pain degree evaluation, appraisal of life quality and bone mineral density(BMD) testing. All data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 11.5 software. Results After one year observation, cognitive level of osteoporosis was significantly raised [(10.07±0.27) vs (3.81±0.24) points]; VAS pain visual analogue scale significantly reduced [(1.56±0.24) vs (5.71±0.83) points]; appraisal of life quality significantly improved [(80.64±10.98) vs (66.38±7.72) points]; and the BMD of L2～4, Neck, Ward's, Troch significantly increased in both males and females respectively[males: (1.18±0.11) vs (1.02±0.22)g/cm2, (1.03±0.10) vs (0.89±0.15)g/cm2, (0.89±0.12) vs (0.76±0.09)g/cm2, (0.78±0.17) vs (0.62±0.12)g/cm2; females: (1.20±0.17) vs (1.01±0.18)g/cm2, (1.01±0.13) vs (0.88±0.05)g/cm2, (0.87±0.09) vs (0.74±0.11)g/cm2, (0.76±0.21) vs (0.60±0.07)g/cm2]. The differences reached the statistical significance(P＜0.05). Conclusion With population aging, the prevalence rate of osteoporosis increases. However, people have little awareness about this disease. It is significant to emphasize osteoporosis health education. Osteoporosis club, as a new model of health education, plays an important role in the comprehensive management of osteoporosis.

Abstract:Objective To improve the therapeutic results of multilevel osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture in the elderly with modified percutaneous kyphoplasty(PKP) technique. Methods Forty-eight patients over 60 years suffering from multilevel (3 or more levels) vertebral compression fracture were divided into two groups: common PKP group(group C) and modified PKP group(group M). In group C, there were 20 patients with 82 vertebraes from T5-L5. Three to six surgical levels (average 4.1 levels) were processed with routine PKP technique. In group M, there were 28 cases with 112 vertebraes from T4-S1. Three to seven surgical levels were processed with modified PKP technique. Local anesthesia was performed in both groups. Dexamethasone(20mg) was used in group M. Additional puncture were carried out if the distribution of bone cements was not satisfactory. The visual analog scale(VAS) scores, duration of surgical procedure, volume of bone cements, rate of leaking and clinical complications were analyzed and compared between the two groups. Results The VAS scores were (8.6±2.3) and (8.2±1.9) before the surgery, and (3.5±2.6) and (3.2±3.0) at 3 days after surgery in group C and group M respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups. Fourteen vertebral bodies were processed in both sides in group C(15.73%), and only 1 vertebral body was processed in both sides in group M(0.89%)（P＜0.0001）. The volume of bone cements was 8.0-23.1（15.3±3.1）ml in group C and 8.5-25.5（16.2±4.1）ml in group M. The leaking rate of cements was 19.5% in group C and 18.75% in group M. The duration of surgical procedures was 70-230min [(26.9±6.7)min/level] in group C and 45-162 min[ (16.3±5.2)min/level] （P＜0.001）. No clinical complication was observed in either group. Conclusion Modified PKP technique can shorten the duration of surgical procedures and allow less puncture. It is safe to keep the volume of injection under 26ml.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the risk factors of osteopenia in the elderly males. Methods Bone mineral density was investigated by Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) in 217 males aged above 60 years who received routine physical examination in outpatient department. These subjects were divided into normal bone mass group, osteopenia group and osteoporosis group according to bone mineral density. All subjects answered the questionnaire, which contained the information on age, tea drinking, smoking, body mass, previous disease history, and medication history. Additionally, blood glucose, blood lipids and creatinine clearance rate were also measured. The correlationship between these factors and bone mineral density were investigated. Results Age, tea-drinking, hypertension, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride level were correlated with bone mineral density(P= 0.007, 0.027, 0.049, 0.027 and 0.033 respectively). Tea-drinking and hypertension were independently correlated with bone mineral density (P = 0.027 and 0.088 respectively). Conclusion Tea-drinking is significantly correlated positively with bone mineral density. Some cardiovascular risk factors have correlation with osteopenia in elderly males. It is strongly recommended that these patients should timely undergo bone mineral density measurement.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the results of extended services for the post-operative rehabilitation of patients with osteoporotic hip fracture. Methods A total of 80 patients with osteoporotic hip fracture were randomly divided into experimental group (n = 40) and control group (n = 40). All patients underwent integrated services, including unilateral total hip replacement, rehabilitation, anti-osteoporosis chemotherapy and nursing care. Patients in experimental group joined osteoporosis club and accepted standard extended services after operation. Functional recovery of the hip and bone density improvement were observed after 12 months. Results There was a significant improvement in functional recovery in experimental group than in control group (Harris score, P＜0.05). The bone mineral density was improved in both groups postoperatively (P＜0.05). The L2-L4 bone mineral density between the two groups was different significantly (P＜0.05). Conclusions Extended services for the post-operative rehabilitation of patients with osteoporotic hip fracture can promote the functional recovery of the hip and improve bone mineral density.

Abstract:Objective To determine the effects of testosterone deprivation therapy on Adiponectin(Adip) level and insulin resistance (IR) in patients with prostate cancer. Methods The levels of fasting plasma glucose(FPG), insulin(ISN), C-peptide(CP), total testosterone(TT), free testosterone(FT), Adip, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index(QUICKI) were measured in 32 patients with prostatie carcinoma under castration(CAS group), 30 patients with prostate hypertrophy under total or subtotal prostatectomy (PH group) and 30 age-matched controls (control group). Results The Adip level was lower in CAS group than in control group[ (1.43±0.79)mg/L vs (2.38±0.77)mg/L, P＜0.05)]. HOMA-IR was higher significantly in CAS group than in control group[（1.75±4.84）vs（1.10±3.45）, P＜0.01]. TT was negatively correlated with INS (r = ?0.17; P = 0.043), CP(r = ?0.249, P = 0.32) and HOMA-IR (r = ?0.781; P＜0.01); positively correlated with Adip(r = 0.819, P＜0.01) and QUICKI(r = 0.420, P=0.026). Conclusion Endogenous testosterone deprivation may be involved in development of cardiovascular diseases in males by regulating insulin resistance and Adip level.

Abstract:Objective To explore changes of plasma noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (ADR), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels, and plasma renin activity (PRA) at acute exposure to 4500m altitude and their significances. Methods A set of hypobaric chamber was applied to simulate 4500 m altitude. Venous blood samples of 43 healthy young males were obtained before and at 22 hours after acute exposure to simulate 4500 m altitude. High-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical method was used to detect plasma NA and ADR concentrations, while plasma ANP concentration and PRA were detected by radioimmunoassay. Subjects whose scores were higher than 10 were allocated into acute mountain sickness (AMS) group, and those less than 10 into non-AMS Group. Results After acute exposure to high altitude, concentrations of plasma NA and PRA significantly decreased[NA: (3.7±0.8) vs (2.9±0.5) ?g/L; PRA: (2.9±1.8) vs (1.3±1.1) ?g/(L?h); P＜0.01], however plasma ADR, ANP concentrations significantly increased[ADR: (2.0±0.6) vs (2.5±0.5) ?g/L, P＜0.01; ANP: (79±31) vs (100±42) ng/L, P＜0.05]. Plasma NA concentration was significantly higher in AMS group than in non-AMS group after exposure to 4500 m altitude[(3.1±0.4) vs (2.8±0.5) ?g/L, P＜0.05], although it was not different at plain. AMS score was positively correlated with plasma NA concentrations either at plain or at 4500 m altitude（r = 0.435, 0.391, P＜0.05）. Conclusion Apparent nerve-endocrine changes occur at acute exposure to high altitude, and these changes may be related to AMS.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the incidence, clinical features of pericardial effusion(PE) in patients with chronic heart failure(CHF) and the related risk factors. Methods A prospective multicenter study was performed. A total of 1382 patients with the diagnosis of CHF were enrolled in this study. M-mode echocardiography was carried out to determine the presence or absence of PE and to semi-quantify its volume. The incidence of PE in patients with CHF and its relationship with other clinical parameters were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results The incidence of PE was 9.92%(118/1382) in patients with CHF. Among which, moderate PE accounted for 90.68%(107/118), small PE 6.78% (8/118), and large PE only 2.54%(3/118). M-mode echocardiography revealed that no patient suffered from severe tamponade. Logistic analysis showed that higher systolic blood pressure(SBP) (OR = 1.04, 95%CI 1.01–1.07, P = 0.043), lower left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF) (OR = 1.09, 95%CI 1.02–1.15, P = 0.032) and larger main pulmonary artery diameter(MPAD) (OR = 1.51, 95%CI 1.24–1.85, P＜0.001) were independent risk factors of PE in CHF patients. Conclusion PE is a relatively common presentation in CHF patients, and small to moderate PE are most frequent. PE is not related to the etiology of CHF while is strongly associated with higher SBP, lower LVEF and larger MPAD.

Abstract:Objective To compare the therapeutic effects difference of CT-monitored hard-directional channel technology and classical craniotomy method for elderly patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage classified as grade 3 to 5. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted in 94 elderly patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. According to operation mode, they were classified as craniotomy group(n=50) and mini-invasive operation group(n=44). The mortality rate and heavy deformity rate were compared between the two groups by chi square test. Results There was no significant difference in mortality rate between mini-invasive operation group and craniotomy group(32% vs 44%, P＞0.05). Activities of daily living(ADL) scale was used to assess the prognosis of the patients, and heavy deformity was defined as the fourth stage or the fifth stage assessed by ADL scale. There was significant difference in heavy deformity rate between mini-invasive operation group and craniotomy group (23% vs 50%, P＜0.05). Conclusion CT-monitored hard-directional channel technology can improve the prognosis of elderly patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage classified as grade 3 to 5, and this minimally invasive technique is convenient and effective.

Abstract:Objective To investigate an ideal anesthetic method which has few complications and provides an adequate surgical environment for revascularization of peripheral artery. Methods From December 2004 to June 2010, 212 patients were enrolled, including 143 patients with an occluded superficial femoral artery and 13 iliac artery occlusion diagnosed by angiography, and complicated with life style-limiting intermittent claudication or rest pain, and 56 patients with renal failure undergoing hemodialysis. Revascularization of peripheral artery was performed under local infiltration anesthesia with lidocaine(0.22%), including 13 femoral-femoral, 143 above knee femoral-popliteal bypass grafts, and 56 artery-vein bypass grafts. American Society of Anesthesiologists(ASA) grade and complications were evaluated preoperatively. Anesthetic dose, visual analogue scale(VAS), Bruggrmann comfort scale(BCS), and perioperative complications were recorded. Additionally, mean artery pressure(MAP), heart rate(HR), and saturation pulse oxygen(SpO2) in the morning, at incision, at 1 hour, and at the end of the operation, were also recorded. Results All patients tolerated the procedure well. The surgical environment was satisfactory. BCS was (2.6±0.8).VAS was (3.0±2.1). MAP, HR, and SpO2 were not significantly different between different time points. The dosage of lidocaine(0.22%) was 350-487 mg, mean 417 mg. There was no perioperative death. Graft patency rate was 97.16%(206/212). Conclusion Lidocaine local infiltration anesthesia could provide a satisfactory surgical environment for revascularization of peripheral artery. This technique is easy to perform and has few complications, especially is adaptable to high-risk and elderly patients.

Abstract:Objective To explore the clinical effects of small dose of ketamine combined with propofol on stress response in elderly patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP). Methods Thirty-eight ASA gradeⅠ-Ⅲ elderly patients in need of ERCP were randomly divided into two groups: small dose of ketamine combined with propofol infusion anesthesia group (KP group, n=19) and propofol infusion group (P group, n=19). The recovery time, orientation time, body movement during operation, heart rate(HR), mean artery pressure(MAP), pulse oxygen saturation(SpO2), side-effects, and the levels of plasma cortisone(Cor) and glucose(Glu) were compared between the two groups and different time points, including before and after anesthesiological induction, before and after endoscopy, and after operation. Results After anesthesiological induction, MAP was significantly decreased in both P group[(98.2±18.7) vs (81.6±13.3) mmHg, P＜0.05] and KP group[(95.7±16.3) vs (85.8±14.8)mmHg, P＜0.05]. MAP and HR after anesthesiological induction, before and after endoscopy were significantly different between P group and KP group[MAP:(81.6±13.3) vs (85.8±14.8)mmHg, (81.8±12.2) vs (84.2±15.9)mmHg, (97.7±18.6) vs (92.5±16.1)mmHg, P＜0.05; HR:(14.5±2.1) vs (16.6±2.5)beats/min, (14.9±1.1) vs (16.2±3.1)beats/min, (19.9±4.1) vs (17.1±1.2)beats/min, P＜0.05]. Mean operation time was significantly shorter in KP group than in P group[（111±18.6）vs（123±26.4）min; P＜0.05]. The side effects incidence was significantly lower in KP group than in P group(21.1% vs 52.6%, P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in the recovery time and SpO2 between the two groups. The levels of plasma Cor and Glu during operation were significantly higher in P group than in KPgroup(P＜0.05). Conclusion Small dose of ketamine combined with propofol can maintain hemodynamic stability in ERCP and decrease perioperative stress response. It is safe and available for anesthesia in elderly patients undergoing ERCP.

Abstract:Objective To deter mine the protective effect of ulinastain(UTI) on multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Methods Sheep models of MODS were induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS). The animals were randomly divided into four groups: normal control group, MODS group, UTI treatment groupⅠand groupⅡ. The anaesthetized animals received intravenous infusion of LPS (6μg / kg) to induce MODS in MODS group and UTI treatment groups. The animals received intravenous injection of UTI (30000 U/kg) for 3 days, once daily in UTI treatment groupⅠand twice daily in groupⅡ. Arterial oxygen pressure(PaO2) was measured at 0(basement), 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12h respectively. Blood samples were taken for determination of serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine(Cr), total bilirubin(TBIL) and blood routine at 0(basement), 3,6,12,24,48 and 72h respectively. Results PaO2 decreased as early as at 1 hour after injection of LPS. Compared with MODS group, PaO2 decreased less significantly in UTI treatment group. AST, ALT, TBIL and Cr in UTI treatment groups were significantly lower than those in MODS group(P <0.05), but there was no obvious difference between UTI treatment groupⅠ and groupⅡ. The animal mortality was 66.6%, 50.0 % and 33.3% in MODS group, UTI treatment groupⅠand groupⅡ respectively. Conclusion Prophylactic application of UTI could reduce the mortality of MODS animals induced by LPS. It has protective effects on lung, kidney and liver injuries in MODS animals.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the impact of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) on cardiac function, and explore the role of NF-κB in the mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction due to CIH. Methods Twenty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (body mass about 200g) were randomly divided into three groups: normal control(NC) group, CIH group and CIH＋proline dithiocarbamate(PDTC) group. The rats in CIH group were exposed to intermittent hypoxia (O2 5%～7%), 8 hours daily, totally 5 weeks. The rats in CIH＋PDTC group were raised under the condition similar to CIH group except intraperitoneal injection of PDTC [100mg/(kg?d)]. At the end of the exposure, body mass, blood pressure and heart rate of the animals were measured. Left global function was assessed by echocardiography. Nucleoprotein NF-κB level was detected by Western blot. Results At 5 weeks, the body mass of rats in CIH and CIH＋PDTC groups was lower than that in NC group. Compared to NC group, animals in CIH and CIH＋PDTC groups demonstrated an elevation in blood pressure [ (136.3±6.8) and (134.3±6.7) vs (122.3±4.1) mmHg, P＜0.001]; while the blood pressure was not significantly different between CIH and CIH＋PDTC groups. Left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF) was lower in CIH group than in NC group [(73.0±5.6) % vs (86.0±4.3) %, P＜0.001], and higher in CIH＋PDTC group than in CIH group [(84.0±4.1) % vs (73.0±5.6) %, P＜0.001]. However, it was not significantly different between NC and CIH＋PDTC groups (P=0.117). There was no significant difference in heart rate among the groups. Compared to NC and CIH＋PDTC groups, the expression of NF-κB increased in CIH group (P＜0.001). However, there was no difference between NC and CIH＋PDTC groups. Conclusion Chronic intermittent hypoxia may impair left ventricular function of rats and NF-κB may be involved in the mechanisms.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the roles of proinflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α), interleukin-1(IL-1) and IL-6 in the infectious multiple organ injury in aged rats. Methods Male SD rats were randomly divided into young control group (YCG, n=10), young model group(YMG, n=15), elderly control group (ACG, n=10) and elderly model group(AMG, n=25). Multiple organ injury was induced by injection of Klebsiella pneumoniae through tracheal intubation in rat models of pneumonia. The pathological changes of lungs, heart, kidneys, and small intestine were investigated immunohistochemically. The changes of proinflammatory factors expression in these tissues were also observed. Results The expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 in lungs, heart, kidneys and small intestine were significantly higher in YMG and AMG than in YCG and ACG(P＜0.01 or P＜0.05). The pathological changes of lungs, heart, kidney and small intestine were more obvious in YMG and AMG than in YCG and ACG(P＜0.01 or P＜0.05). The expression levels of IL-1 in lungs, TNF-α and IL-6 in heart, and IL-1 and IL-6 in small intestine were significantly elevated, and organ injuries were severer in ACG than in YCG (P＜0.01 or P＜0.05). Conclusion Proinflammatory factors, including TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6, play important roles in the development of infectious multiple organ injury in the aged rats.

Abstract:Objective To compare protective effects of chronic brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) infusion and enalapril administration on post myocardial infarction (MI) ventricular remodeling, and to investigate their effects on the matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) expression in myocardium. Methods Rats were randomly assigned to sham-operated group, MI group in which MI models were prepared by coronary ligation, BNP group in which MI rats received chronic BNP infusion [0.06mg/(kg?min)] and enalapril group in which MI rats received enalapril administration [10mg/(kg?d)]. Ventricular remodeling and heart function were estimated by echocardiography (ECG), immunohistochemistry, ELISA and Western blot. Results Exogenous BNP infusion maintained a higher BNP level in heart tissue. BNP treatment achieved similar protective effects as enalapril therapy on postinfarction myocardial remodeling. Both BNP and enalapril inhibited the increase of left ventricular weight index by 13.2% and 16.9% respectively, (P＜0.05), decreased left ventricle end pressure by 33.0% and 45.8% respectively(P?0.05). ECG results demonstrated that left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) and fractional shortening (FS) were more satisfactory in BNP and enalapril groups than in MI group [LVEDD: (8.8±0.6) mm in MI group, (7.5±0.7) mm in enalapril group, and (7.5±1.0) mm in BNP group, P＜0.05; FS: (19.2±2.6)% in MI group, (27.7±5.6)% in enalapril group, and (27.5±3.9) % in BNP group, P＜0.05]. Both enalapril and BNP inhibited collagen deposition in non-infarcted area obviously, especially typeⅠ collegen, by (6.8?1.4)% in MI group, (4.0?0.9)% in enalapril group, and (3.7±1.1)% in BNP group respectively(P＜0.05). BNP infusion increased cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) concentration in cardiac tissue more significantly than enalapril, while inhibited angiotensin Ⅱ less significantly than enalapril. BNP infusion did not lead to obvious change of MMP-2 and MMP-9 content in non-infarcted area. Conclusion Continuous BNP infusion may play cardiac protection roles through cGMP mediated signal pathway, including inhibiting postinfarction cardiac hypertrophy, LV enlargement and collagen deposition, so as to improve heart function, while it exerts no influence on MMP-2 and MMP-9 content in non-infarcted area.

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Abstract:Rheumatoid arthritis(RA) is one of the systemic autoimmune diseases, which mainly manifests as arthritis. It has been proved that the abnormal activation of T lymphocytes, especially CD4＋ T cells, and the cytokines secreted by them are involved in the initiation and progression of RA. Chemokines play a key role in the activation and migration of inflammatory cells to synovial tissue. C-X-C ligands 10/interferon-inducible protein-10(CXCL10/IP-10) could bind its receptor CXCR3 on the surface of T cells, induce the activation of T cells and the differentiation into CD4＋Th1 cells, and thereby promote the inflammatory reaction. Moreover, it was found that CXCL10 was highly expressed in the serum and synovium of patients with RA. Currently, as a possible pathogen, CXCL10/CXCR3 is drawing more and more attention in the pathogenesis of RA. Since accumulating evidence indicated that antibodies and naked DNA vaccine of CXCL10 could inhibit and treat RA, CXCL10 may be used as a new target for the treatment of RA.

Abstract:Apolipoprotein A5 is a newly identified apolipoprotein. Although it is at low level in serum, it decreases plasma triglyceride level significantly. The gene polymorphism of apolipoprotein A5 is closely associated with plasma triglyceride level and atherosclerosis disease. We reviewed its structure, function and gene polymorphism, as well as its association with triglyceride and atherosclerosis disease.

Abstract:Gelsolin is a member of gelsolin superfamily, which is an important actin binding protein. The gelsolin controls actin structure by severing filaments, capping filament ends and nucleating actin assembly. It occurs in a wide range of vertebrate, lower eukaryotic and plant cells, and its function is as variant as its biochemical activities. In addition to its role in actin filament remodeling, gelsolin has also other roles in several cellular processes, including cell motility, apoptosis control, and so on. In this paper, we introduced its biological features, structure, function, as well as its effect on actin binding in septic patients. The plasma gelsolin concentration is a predictor for severity and prognosis of septic patients. In addition, we introduced the therapeutic effects of exogenous gelsolin.

Abstract:Small cell cancer(SCC) is a distinct clinicopathological entity. Although it has commonly pulmonary origin, SCC may also originate in extrapulmonary organs, including gastrointestinal tract, head and neck region, urogenital system, and occasionally unknown primary origin, which is known as extrapulmonary small cell cancer(EPSCC). Given the rarity of the disease, no large-sized randomized trial has been performed to guide the treatment of patients with EPSCC. This lack of data and its pathological similarity to the small cell lung cancer(SCLC) led most investigators to adopt similar principles of SCLC to the treatment of EPSCC. However, difference of clinical course and frequency of distant metastases warrant differential therapeutic approaches. In this paper, we reviewed the available data concerning the treatment of EPSCC originated at different sites.

Abstract:Prostate cancer is an important health concern for male population in China and deserves great attention. The onset of prostate cancer tended to be insidious and it developed slowly. The early diagnosis of prostate cancer may achieve satisfactory outcome. Currently, prostate cancer has low early detection rate and high mortality. Large scale epidemiological survey is necessary to screen out the specific risk factors of prostate cancer, including case-control study, randomized follow-up visit etc. We need a guideline for early diagnosis of prostate cancer suitable for Chinese population to improve the sensitivity and specificity of early diagnosis of prostate cancer in China.