Nerve damage poses a complex challenge for orthopedists and neurologists, currently with no definitive and effective treatment available. Angiopoietin (Ang) is recognized as an angiogenic factor, and its neuroprotective properties has been unveiled in recent years. Ang demonstrates neuroprotective capabilities by promoting angiogenesis, maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and blood-spinal cord barrier, as well as suppressing inflammatory responses and the influx of harmful ions into nerve cells post-injury. Notably, Ang can directly act on nerve cells by inhibiting autophagy and apoptosis following injury. In this article, we reviewed the neuroprotective effects and underlying mechanisms of Ang in the nervous system, offering valuable insights for further exploration of its potential as a novel neuroprotective agent.