Objective To investigate the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Wuhan and analyze its influencing factors. Methods A total of 2187 permanent residents from 13 administrative districts of Wuhan were selected by stratified multistage cluster sampling from January 2022 to December 2023. The general demographic characteristics, health status and past medical history, lifestyle and behavior factors were investigated. SPSS 22.0 was used for data analysis. Chi-square test or rank sum test was performed for between-group comparison according to the data type. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of CKD.Results In total, 221 cases were diagnosed with CKD, with a prevalence rate of 10.11% (221/2187). Among them, 52 cases were stage 1,68 stage 2,57 stage 3,29 stage 4, and 15 stage 5; 173 (7.91%) had decreased renal function, 96 (4.39%) had positive hematuria, 118 (5.40%) had positive proteinuria, and 89 (4.07%) had abnormal renal B-ultrasound. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR=4.575,95%CI 3.123-6.710), hypertension (OR=2.785,95%CI 2.224-3.492), diabetes mellitus (OR=2.437,95%CI 1.859-3.194), cardiovascular disease (OR=2.191,95%CI 1.596-3.009), hyperuricemia (OR=1.867,95%CI 1.346-2.594), hypertriglyceridemia (OR=1.783,95%CI 1.347-2.363), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (OR=1.352,95%CI 1.003-1.825), smoking history (OR=1.466,95%CI 1.139-1.887), high-salt diet (OR=1.468,95%CI 1.141-1.886) and heavy physical labor (OR=1.672,95%CI 1.238-2.256) were all independent influencing factors of CKD (P<0.05). Conclusion Advanced age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, hyperuricemia, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-C, smoking, high-salt diet and heavy physical labor are all independent influencing factors of CKD in Wuhan, and early screening and intervention for high-risk population needs to be strengthened.