Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic airway inflammatory diseases, characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dyspnea, cough, sputum, acute exacerbation).Infection is the main reason for the deterioration of COPD and the decline of lung function. Respiratory microecology and its immunomodulatory function play an important role in it.The new generation of gene sequencing technology allows a clearer understanding of the composition of respiratory microecology and its correlation with respiratory diseases. It not only reveals that there is a rich microbial community in the lungs of healthy people, but also that the airway microecological structure and the relative abundance of each bacterial community have changed in COPD patients compared with healthy people.This article reviews the research progress of airway microbiota in COPD.