As the population ages, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become the most common disease in the world and the main cause of death among the elderly. Inflammation and oxidative stress are the main causes of aging-related CVD. Polyphenols, rich in fruits and vegetables, are known as natural antioxidants with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. This paper reviews the biological characteristics, and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant function of polyphenols to provide new insights and theoretical support for delaying and preventing the development of CVD.