Objective To investigate the efficacy of glucocorticoid in treatment of nasal polyps in elderly patients and determine its effect on nasal mucosal expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Methods A total of 60 elderly patients with nasal polyps (polyp group, budesonide nasal spray), and 20 patients with nasal septum deviation (control group, normal saline) admitted to our hospital from January 2014 to August 2016 were enrolled in this study. The expression levels of EGF and EGFR in the nasal polyp and mucosa tissues were detected with immunohistochemical staining and RT-PCR before and 12 weeks after the treatment in the polyp group and the control group. The measurement data were expressed as mean±standard deviation ([AKx-D]±s), and Student’s t test was employed for the comparison between groups. Results The score of polypoid lesion in the polyp group was 2.48±0.77 before the treatment, and then declined to 2.11±0.68,1.57±0.49 and 1.29±0.64, respectively in 2,6 and 12 weeks after treatment, with significant differences between different time points (P<0.05). Both the protein and mRNA levels of EGF and EGFR were significantly higher in the polyp group than in the control group before and after the treatment (P<0.05). The glucocorticoid treatment for 12 weeks resulted in significant decreases in the protein and mRNA levels of EGF and EGFR in the polyp group (P<0.05). Conclusion Glucocorticoid therapy exerts curative effects on the eledrly patients with nasal polyps, which may be related to its inhibition on the expression of EGF and EGFR.