More and more studies indicate that oxidative stress is closely related to the occurrence of osteoporosis. But thioredoxin (Trx) system is a multifunctional small molecule protein system, consisting of Trx, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), reduced coenzyme Ⅱ (NADPH) and thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP), and one of its important roles is involved in regulating cellular redox state against oxidative stress, and thus plays an important role in the occurrence and development of osteoporosis. This article reviewed the relationship between the thioredoxin system and osteoporosis.