Objective To explore the influencing factors of frailty and pre-frailty in the elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods Using the convenient sampling method, a total of 326 elderly COPD patients hospitalized in the Department of Respiratory Diseases of the People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from November 2021 to May 2022 were selected as the research subjects. A questionnaire survey was conducted, and the patients′ related laboratory indicators were collected using the general information questionnaire, Morse fall scale, COPD assessment test, Pittsburgh sleep quality index, short-form mini-nutritional assessment, 15-item geriatric depression scale, and social support rating scale. Unordered multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the influencing factors of frailty in the elderly COPD patients. SPSS 26.0 was used for statistical analysis. Depending on data type, variance analysis, rank sum test or χ² test were used for data comparison between two groups. Results The prevalence of frailty and pre-frailty was 39.57% (129/326) and 34.05% (111/326) in the elderly COPD patients. The unordered multiple logistic regression analysis showed that being female, multiple medications, sleep problems, malnutrition and high B-type natriuretic peptide were the common influencing factors. However, age (OR=1.090,95%CI 1.027-1.157; P=0.004), body mass index <23.9 kg/m²(OR=0.109,95%CI 0.042-0.283; P＜0.001), social support (OR=4.621,95%CI 1.222-17.470; P=0.024) and high hemoglobin (OR=1.042,95%CI 1.007-1.078; P=0.018) only affected pre-frailty. COPD assessment test score (OR=11.962,95%CI 3.056-46.831; P＜0.001), pulmonary function GOLD grade (OR=8.094,95%CI 1.862-35.188; P=0.005) and depression (OR=27.177,95%CI 2.811-262.705; P=0.004) only affected the frailty. Conclusion The incidence of frailty and pre-frailty in the elderly COPD patients is relatively high, and different influencing factors affect frailty in different degrees. Different personalized intervention measures should be taken to prevent the occurrence of pre-frailty, and to control and reverse frailty at the same time.