Coronary microvascular disease (CMVD) is closely associated with poor prognosis of the cardiovascular diseases and has been a research focus in recent years. However, coronary angiography cannot directly visualize the coronary microcirculatory system, and invasive methods (intracoronary Doppler guidewire, microcirculatory resistance index, etc.) and non-invasive methods (positron emission tomography, cardiac magnetic resonance, etc.) are currently used to indirectly assess microcirculatory functions with their own advantages and limitations. This article mainly reviews the research progress of CMVD assessment modalities in recent years to improve the understanding of CMVD assessment techniques among clinical practitioners.