We retrospectively analyzed a particular case of dilated cardiomyopathy, that is,a 65-year-old woman who had no history of heart disease mainly presenting chest tightness and shortness of breath. Related examinations suggested dilated cardiomyopathy, and the patient had ever received anthracycline drugs for breast cancer treatment. We reviewed related literatures and summarized the experience on diagnosis and treatment of anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy. After standardized and individualized treatment, her symptoms were relieved. Therefore, we should monitor cardiac function during anthracyclines administration to prevent and treat cardiac toxicity caused by chemotherapy drugs. If the condition developes into chronic heart disease, the drugs to improve myocardial prognosis should be used as early as possible.