With the population aging, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing progressively in China. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is its common complication with high incidence and has become a leading cause of blindness. Currently, DR has no specific treatment, so early detection and diagnosis are of great important significances. Direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography, optical coherence tomography and fundus fluorescence angiography are commonly used in DR diagnosis, and play important roles in its treatment and follow-up. Retinal health assessment, as a novel diagnostic and screening method, clearly presents the details in the various layers of retina through multiple spectrum information, and provides a new diagnostic approach of ocular fundus diseases.