Objective To investigate the risk factors associated with non-surgical vertebral fractures after percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) and percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs). Methods From February 2009 to March 2010, 76 patients with OVCFs were included in this study. There were 11 males and 65 females with the average age of (66.7±7.3) years. The average follow-up time was 13.6 months, ranging from 6 to 22 months. All patients underwent X-Ray and MRI to confirm the onset of vertebral fracture. Forty-four patients underwent PVP and 32 patients PKP. The bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar spine was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and age, sex, body mass index (BMI), cement volume, cement leakage (%), and kyphosis correction of all patients were recorded. The risk factors associated with the non-surgical vertebral fractures were analyzed. Results Student's t test showed statistically significant differences (P＜0.05) between two groups with respect to cement volume and kyphosis correction. There were no significant differences between cement leakage and new vertebral compression fractures between two groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed BMD less than -2.5SD was the only risk factor associated with non-surgical segment fracture. Patients with the kyphosis correction more than 5.0° had a short period to the new vertebral fractures than those whose kyphosis correction were less than 5.0°. Conclusion BMD less than -2.5SD is the risk factor of nonsurgical vertebral fractures after PVP for OVCFs. In those osteoporosis patients with low T values, excess kyphosis correction may follow by a soon onset of non-surgical vertebral fractures.